Pulmonary

Perioperative Pulmonary Assessment

SpO₂ is low. PaCO₂ is elevated. The patient has pneumonia. How far should you go? Perioperative pulmonary assessment is four separate questions — risk, oxygenation, ventilation, and pneumonia severity. Each demands a different tool.

RiskOxygenationVentilation / ABGPneumoniaPONV

Select a Tool

Risk

ARISCAT

Put a number on PPC risk — and know what to do with it

When to use

  • Replace a gut feeling with evidence-based stratification
  • Identify high-risk patients before surgery, not after

Main inputs

AgeSpO₂Recent respiratory infectionAnaemia (Hb ≤10 g/dL)Surgical siteOperative durationEmergency surgery

Returns

  • Risk class (low / intermediate / high)
  • 3-phase management plan (pre / intra / postop)
  • Clinical reasoning map
Oxygenation

Preoperative Oxygenation

Is this SpO₂ or PaO₂ acceptable for the patient's age?

When to use

  • SpO₂ is borderline — age-appropriate or a real concern?
  • Checking whether PaO₂ warrants further workup
  • Deciding whether an ABG is clinically indicated

Main inputs

AgeSpO₂PaO₂ (optional)FiO₂ (optional)

Returns

  • Expected PaO₂
  • Oxygenation status
  • Clinical interpretation
PE Risk

Wells Score for PE

Stratify pre-test PE probability before ordering D-dimer or CTPA

When to use

  • Suspected PE — can D-dimer rule it out, or does this patient need CTPA?
  • Deciding whether to image: stratify pre-test probability before ordering

Main inputs

Clinical DVT signsPE more likely than alternative diagnosisHeart rate >100Immobilization or recent surgeryPrior DVT / PEHemoptysisMalignancy

Returns

  • Wells score with pre-test PE probability
  • Risk category (low / moderate / high)
  • D-dimer vs CTPA recommendation
Ventilation / ABG

Room Air ABG

Read ABG values through the lens of perioperative risk

When to use

  • PaCO₂ is elevated — acute, chronic, or compensation?
  • HCO₃⁻ is high — respiratory compensation or metabolic?
  • Assessing hypoventilation risk before surgery

Main inputs

AgePaO₂PaCO₂HCO₃⁻pH

Returns

  • Oxygenation assessment
  • Ventilation assessment
  • Compensation pattern
  • Perioperative concern
Pneumonia

CURB-65 Pneumonia Severity

Estimate severity and decide — outpatient, admit, or escalate urgently?

When to use

  • Suspected or confirmed community-acquired pneumonia — how sick is this patient?
  • Deciding outpatient vs inpatient before or instead of surgery
  • Borderline case — is this pneumonia serious enough to escalate care now?

Main inputs

ConfusionUrea > 7 mmol/L (or BUN equivalent)Respiratory rate ≥ 30/minSBP < 90 or DBP ≤ 60 mmHgAge ≥ 65

Returns

  • CURB-65 score (0–5)
  • Severity category with approximate 30-day mortality
  • Disposition and management direction
PONV

PONV Risk & Management

Stratify PONV risk and select multi-mechanism prophylaxis before surgery

When to use

  • Pre-op planning — does this patient need PONV prophylaxis, and how many agents?
  • PONV occurred despite prophylaxis — what rescue agent avoids the same class?

Main inputs

SexSmoking statusPONV / motion sickness historyPostoperative opioids planned

Returns

  • Apfel score (0–4) with incidence estimate
  • Risk category (low / moderate / high)
  • Multi-drug prophylaxis strategy
  • Rescue therapy guidance

Which tool for this patient?

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